Other common examples of actives include retinol and other retinoids, as well as most acids (including glycolic, azaleic, and lactic).
If you’re buying a cleanser that says it’ll treat your cluster of pimples, for example, the active ingredient is what actually addresses those zits- benzoyl peroxide or sulfur, perhaps.
In short, an active is an ingredient responsible for targeting a specific skin concern, like dark spots or acne-so it’s usually pretty potent.